Art History Nike of Samothrace Free Essays

â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† was sculpted in second century AD during the hellenistic culture. This 8ft high sculpture was found on an island called Samothrace, north of the Aegean, and though beautifully carved, the artist is not known. It was discovered at a sanctuary in a harbor that faced the predominate wind. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History Nike of Samothrace or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was as if the wind was blowing directly on the sculpture itself. The Nike was made to act like a figure head on the prow of a ship, and though it never really was on a ship, it was the bow of a stone ship in a temple like building. The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† is greatly appreciated because of the strong force of motion, and realistic qualities, as well as its symbolic references to the Greek culture. The Greeks period has come a long way when we look at the way the Archaic/Egyptian period and Hellenistic period carved and shaped people. The Archaic and Egyptians sculpted people and clothes flat and simple. Their bodies did not twist very much and were pretty straight. The clothes on the people were basically just lines, or slits in the stone, and was not really realistic. Comparing this to the way the Hellenistic period carved their people, they used a lot of motion and movement. There people twisted in different directions as they would in real life, and their clothes were deeply carved and looked very real. The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† was carved out of marble, and accurately shows texture in the wings, and the folds in the cloth. The Greek culture had studied and celebrated the body and they used their knowledge to show expressive forces in their art. They used hammers and chisels to create beautiful, realistic flows on the stone, and made it look like it was actually moving. The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† is a carving beautiful, voluptuous woman in a flowing dress with two large wings out stretched behind her. This statue had lost her head and arms, but is still recognizable as the Nike of victory. Her body movements and intricate detail of her tunic is very dramatic as she seems to walk gracefully in a storm. The Nike was to be on the prow of a ship in the ocean, and that is strongly seen by the movement of her dress. You can practically see the strong winds whipping around her body as her skirt is blown behind and around her. The drapery is very graceful and strong as it is pulled in the direction of her body and one can practically see the energy in her movements. Her body is grounded by her legs as she strides forward. Her abdomen twists slightly as if finding balance in the wind, and her wings are aloft behind her as if she just landed in from a fierce headwind. The sheer chiton that she is wearing clings to her body as if it is wet from a hefty sea spray, billowing in the wind. Her body is proportionate, and accurately depicts the perfect body scale of a Greek goddess. The texture in her wings, and the fabric of her garment are very life-like and pick up light in their deep groves to make it look more dramatic. The artist shows how he is able to carve the female body, portray realistic cloth, and convey victory and power in this statue. It is believable and relatable to the average person because of the stance in the body and the way the a strong wind would really blow around your clothes. The Nike of Victory has been resembled before in Greek art. This goddess represented the victory over war and contests. Therefore, it was shown on Greek coins, temples, and other important objects. The Nike of Victory is seen again in the carving â€Å"Nike Adjusting her Sandal† on the Temple of Athena. This Winged Nike leans down to adjust her sandal as her chiton slid off her shoulder. Similarly to the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†, the â€Å"Nike Adjusting her Sandal† has large wings to balance her pose and decorative swirls of heavy pleated fabric that clings to her body. She appears to be delicate and light just as the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†. The Nike of Victory is seen with wings, intricately carved fabric, and with the scale of the â€Å"perfect body† it shows divinity and creates something that would be desired. She also was the messenger that spreads the news of victory, and that is something that Greeks hold in high regards and were always trying to obtain. The dramatic feel to the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† brings out fierce emotions and give the onlooker the sense of accomplishment and encouragement. It conveys many emotions as it stands tall and strong. It’s formate of the â€Å"perfect female body† and the precise folds of the cloth in motion, relates almost exactly to the style of the three goddess on the Parthenon frieze. However, the three goddesses appear to have just woken up from a relaxing sleep. They are calm and quiet and reveal the restful attitude of mellow goddess on Mt. Olympus. When looking at them you feel serene and peaceful, getting the calm feel of life as a god. The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† is obviously very different in that aspect. This goddess is ready to go to war as her stance is fierce and ready for anything. The goddess is responding to energy and natural forces whereas the Parthenon frieze goddesses are tranquil, composed, and o not seem to be worrying about much at all. The Statue of â€Å"Laocoon† is a carving of Laocoon and his sons struggling against large sea serpents trying to destroy them. You can clearly see the force of motion being pulled in many different directions. With their legs pushing one way, and their arms pulling another, and then with his head cocked back, you can se the different directions his bare muscles are being strained. This statue i s very dynamic and conveys an emotion of urgency and fight, just as the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† does. The way the Nike’s body twists and is not flat and straight, is the same as the dramatic gesture in â€Å"Laocoon†. The Parthenon frieze, â€Å"Laocoon†, â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†, and even the â€Å"Nike Adjusting Her Sandal† all show the movement in a body as it would in real life. The way the fabric falls and the twist in the body make the statues feel and look more real and relatable. At this time in Greek culture respect for the gods was immense. They believed the gods were heroes and took sides to help out; obviously you would want to be in the gods favor. When carving the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†, the artist made her to show the people that the gods were on their side and that they would have victory over their war and conflicts. The Nike was in the same style as all the Greek goddesses would have been, with the ideal body shape, flowing robs, and for the Nike’s, large wings. She was placed in a temple to show her importance and divinity and to represent the power that Samothrace wanted to convey. She was carved to look like a real goddess, to bring victory over their sea fair, and to relate to the Greek culture just by who she was and who she related too. How to cite Art History Nike of Samothrace, Essay examples

Empathy in to Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample

Throughout the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, the characteristic of empathy is ever present. This unique quality is developed through Jem and Scout in their dealings with the characters of Walter Cunningham and Mrs. Dubose. One characteristic shown of Jem and Scout is their ability to empathize or â€Å"†¦. climb into their skin and walk around in it. † (pg 31). During the novel Jem develops a high level of emotional intelligence that allows him to understand the situation of others, as well as what they may be thinking or possible the way they will act. The reader first discovers this characteristic about Jem when he stops Scout from bashing up Walter Cunningham in the schoolyard and invites him over for dinner. â€Å"I [Scout] stomped at him [Walter] to chase him away, but Jem put out his hand and stopped me. † (pg 24). Jem stops Scout bashing Walter because he knows the ordeals Walter and his family face every day. We will write a custom essay sample on Empathy in to Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To make up for Scout, Jem invites Walter over for dinner because Jem knows Walter is lucky to get a proper meal a day. Scout develops her empathy from this example when Calpurnia takes her into the kitchen and explains the Cunningham’s situation. Yo’ folks might be better’n the Cunningham’s but it don’t count for nothin’ the way you’re disgracin’ ‘em†¦. † (Page 26). Through the course of events involving Walter Cunningham, both Jem and Scout learn to climb into the skin of Walter and enhance their ability to empathize. Another example of where Jem and Scout show their attribute of empathy is with the character of Mrs. Dubose. Mrs. Dubose is an old lady who is addicted to morphine with a habit of make her thoughts of Atticus public; in front of Jem and Scout. In a burst of rage Jem gets angry and smashes her flowers; which he then has to repay, by reading to her; and Scout decides to tag along for moral support. About 1 month after they complete their reading duties, Mrs. Dubose dies and the children feels empathy and some sympathy, for her when Atticus tells them how she died. â€Å"†¦. Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict. She took it as a pain killer for years†¦.. She said she meant to break herself of it before she died, and that’s what she did. † (pg 120). Jem and Scout feel empathy for Mrs. Dubose’s pain and wanted her to die happy and content, even though they despised almost everything about her. Did she die free? † (pg 121). Jem and Scout’s ability to empathize and understand others and their position, through the character of Mrs. Dubose is one of the crucial characteristics in the children that make To Kill A Mockingbird a book of a lifetime. The events of Jem and Scout Finch in To Kill A Mockingbird, portray the trait of empathy or the ability to â€Å"†¦. climb into their skin and walk around in it. † (pg 31). This is seen through their connections with Walter Cunningham and Mrs. Dubose. The empathy learnt through these characters, allow Jem and Scout to grow and mature, in an Atticus-like way.

Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrews

The warning passages in Hebrews have always been one of the most arguable and controversial parts of the whole Scripture. Bateman IV (2007) even describes them with the word â€Å"exhausting† (24). The major sticking points are the following. Firstly, who are those passages about: believers, unbelievers, or both? How are we supposed to interpret the term of salvation and sanctification?Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrews specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, how can the â€Å"true believers eternally secure in their salvation† deny or reject the God’s Son and deserve the punishment (Bateman IV 2007, 25)? Finally, what is probably the most important issue, will believers be deprived of their salvation if they reject God’s Son, or can it be given back to them in case of repentance? A Brief Summary of the Book In Four Views on the Warn ing Passages in Hebrews, Bateman IV analyzes the warning passages and the most controversial questions, which are generated by them, through the prism of four perspectives provided by four different people. All of them are professors in various areas of theology and the authors of many works related to the Book of Hebrews. The detailed information about each of the contributors can be found at the beginning of the book, right after the Preface. First of all, the author gives the introduction, where he identifies the warning passages, defines their main characteristics, and classifies them according to those characteristics. For example, passages 2:1-4 and 12:14-29 are aimed to explain the need to listen and hear the God’s word. Another two of the warning passages are about the trust and obedience to God (3:7-4:13, 10:19-39). And, finally, parts 5:11-6:12 Bateman IV (2007) describes as the â€Å"heart† of all passages (28). All of fore mentioned passages later become th e central focus of the book. The first part of Four Views describe the Classical Arminian view presented by Grant R. Osborn. He reviews the relevant part of the Book of Hebrews and examines each of the fore mentioned passages in details. He states that apostasy is the biggest threat to the genuine believers as far as it deprives them of their salvation. Moreover, this happens once and for all. Then, the responds of the rest of the professors are presented.Advertising Looking for book review on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second part of the book is about the Classical Reformed view, which is given by Buist M. Fanning. This perspective is probably the greatest competitor of the previous one since it assumes just the opposite. According to it, those believers who commit apostasy, have never been true believers at all. In other words, Fanning claims that there is a clear distinction between Christians a nd non-Christians. After Fanning’s essay, the representatives of the rest perspectives comment on this one. The third viewpoint discussed in the book is Wesleyan Arminian, represented by Gareth Lee Cockerill. This view is very common to the first one, Classical Arminian. The difference is that Cockerill admits the possibility that those who commit apostasy can be actually restored. Again, three comments of the rest of the professors are presented. The fourth part of the book describes the Moderate Reformed view by Randall C. Gleason. It is probably the most unusual interpretation of the warning passages. Gleason understands falling away in entirely different terms and uses the Old Testament parallels. After the representation of this view, the responds of other professors are provided. The book ends with the conclusion that summarizes all points that have been mentioned above and determines the ways of further investigation. The conclusion is written be George H. Guthrie. Ana lysis of the Concepts The Classical Arminian View Osborne assumes that the warning passages are addressed to believers. He proves his point using the parts of the participles in 6:4-6. Among those are the words: â€Å"having been once-for-all enlightened†, â€Å"having become partakers of the Holy Spirit†, â€Å"having tasted the heavenly gift†, and others (Bateman IV 2007, 111-112). Those indeed seem to address the believers, since only they are supposed to be enlightened. So, Osborne states that the passages are aimed to warn real believers that even they can actually â€Å"fall away† one day (Bateman IV 2007, 112). He talks about this as about the biggest threat because once a believer commits apostasy he can never turn back, that is there is no chance for repentance. At this point, Osborne focuses on Hebrews 6, which refers to an unforgivable sin.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrew s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He says that an unforgivable sin here is apostasy. Additionally, he argues that the phrase â€Å"if they fall away† is the incorrect translation of the original participle, and suggests to replace the word â€Å"if† with the word â€Å"when† since many believers have already â€Å"fallen away† (Bateman IV 2007, 112). The Classical Reformed View Unlike the Classical Arminian perspective, the Classical Reformed one presumes that the warning passages have just the opposite goal and address the non-Christians, not believers. In this regard, Fanning refers to the fact that in the warning passages the third person is used while in the majority of others – only the first and second person. Thus, different groups of individuals are addressed. Fanning states that people are split up on Christians and non-Christians from the very beginning, and those who commit apostasy have never been real believers at all. He also argues about the content of participles 3:6 and 3:14, saying that we should not talk about â€Å"what will be true† of those who fall away, but focus on â€Å"what is already true of them†, because it is actually the same (Bateman IV 2007, 207). Therefore, a person is either a believer or an unbeliever, and only unbelievers can apostatize. This view is especially criticized by Osborn (which is predictably enough), who says that Fanning has overlooked â€Å"several portions of the passages† (Bateman IV 2007, 220). The Wesleyan Arminian View The perspective presented by Cockerill is very similar to Classical Arminian. Cockerill agrees with Osborn on the point that the warning passages are directed to the believers and warn them about apostasy. However, unlike Osborn, who denies the possibility of those who have fallen away to repent and become believers again, Cockerill allows for such a possibility. Actually, instead of f ocusing on the status (a believer or an unbeliever, in or out of the God’s Kingdom), Cockerill mainly pays attention to the process, which leads to that status, that is whether a person is moving towards God or in the opposite direction. The main drawback of this view is that Cockerill does not consider several participles, such as 6:9-12 or 10:19-25, for example, and that seems to be an oversight. The Moderate Reformed View Gleason’s contribution is indeed a unique one. He understood the passages in terms of the Old Testament and said that those concerned Jewish believers who were facing persecutions before the Jerusalem was destroyed.Advertising Looking for book review on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also says that falling away is a â€Å"serious act of unfaithfulness toward God†, and the punishment for it, based on the OT background, is physical (Bateman IV 2007, 220). However, this interpretation is very specific and depends on many presumptions and variables, and in case those are not right, this view becomes much weaker. The â€Å"Best† Explanation As it has already been said before, the warning passages are extremely difficult and controversial, that is why it is hard to determine, which one of the four perspectives is actually right. Every one of them has a grain of truth and is valuable for the further investigation of the passages. However, the third viewpoint seems to be the closest to the truth. The Moderate Reformed view has a significant drawback because of its close connection with the Old Testament. The Classical Reformed perspective can be criticized as far as it divides people only into two groups (either believers or unbelievers), without any po ssibility of intersections between them. It is a very radical proposition because the world can never be so black and white. So, this leaves us with two very similar views: Classical Arminian and Wesleyan Arminian. Both of them state that the controversial passages warn believers about apostasy and imply that it is the biggest threat to them. However, the classical perspective is much more radical since it says that anyone who apostatizes can never turn back to being a believer through repentance. The Wesleyan Arminian view is more realistic for that matter. Besides, it focuses on the action instead of the state, and it seems to be right. Even those people who have committed apostasy in their past can move towards God in the present, what makes them believers. Therefore, the process has much more value than the state. General Analysis of the Book First of all, Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrews has a valuable introduction. Unlike many other books, where an introduction is only a vague representation of the further content, this one gives all principal concepts explained from the very beginning. The introduction is aimed to orient readers in the topics, which are discussed in the subsequent parts of the book, and it definitely succeeds in this task. However, the author also discusses several issues there, which are not needed for the further debate and analysis and only distract readers’ attention from the central theme. So, those could be easily omitted. Still, the advantages of the introduction outweigh this insignificant drawback. Another strength of the book is that its structure is simple and clear. After every contributor explains their point of view, the rest of them have the opportunity to comment on it, giving their critical analysis. While reading this book, you have a feeling that you are present at the real debate. It seems like you listen to the presentation made by each professor, and then the rest of them respond to it and argue , relying on their own interpretation of the warning passages. However, due to a written form, readers have enough time to analyze and think over every statement. Besides, such kind of structure gives readers the opportunity to compare one of the perspectives with the rest of them without reading the whole book. You just need to open the relevant chapter and examine the responses of all contributors. The book is scholarly and is about complex and arguable concepts. Nevertheless, both the author and the contributors try to make its ideas as clear and comprehensible as possible. Besides, every part of the book is written in a moderate tone. Each author realizes that the warning passages are difficult and can not be interpreted in only one way. That is why they admit that all theories have a right to exist and do not dismiss each other’s view as wrong or heretical. All of this makes the book easy and pleasant to read. One more important feature of Four View is an impressive func tionality. While discussing the warning passages from different perspectives, the book contains numerous links to encyclopedias, dictionaries, and various other resources. Therefore, it provides readers with a solid theoretical basis and gives all necessary possibilities to conduct the further research. Frankly speaking, the book even motivates readers to conduct the research because when you learn these four perspectives, you want to know even more. To conclude, Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrews has a significant value, both for the comprehension of the topic and the further investigation. Everything in the world is relative, and the best way to understand something is through comparison. At this point, Four Views provides readers with everything they need. Besides, the book is unique and impossible to replace because it gives relatively easy explanations for extremely complicated concepts. The book is organized in such a way that it is a pleasure to read it. It capture s attention and makes you believe that you are a part of a real debate. References Bateman IV, Herbert. 2007. Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrews. Grand Rapids: Kregel Academic and Professional. This book review on Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrews was written and submitted by user Kingston Riley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

George Best Death Media Portrayal Essay Example

George Best Death Media Portrayal Essay Example George Best Death Media Portrayal Essay George Best Death Media Portrayal Essay As you can see the broadsheet Sunday newspaper a large image of different types of flowers laid onto the floor by beloved fans Bests and a boy putting his own bunch of flowers down expressing his sorrows and love for the famous footballer. The newspaper is attempting to show readers the love fans had for him and that he would be deeply missed. The title itself is connected to the image well. The title for the newspaper is United in grief for the legend thus the image shows fans came together and lay flowers on the floor to mark his death.The broadsheet goes straight into depth regarding the death with columns of data speaking about his medical history. The newspaper also tells us that due to the fact Best being bankrupt and was unable to pay the was given free medical treatment by the private hospital. He endured several operations, went back and forth to the hospital and after all this he passed away. The other paper has no introduction, no information like the broadsheet. It has a large image of him a laying in bed with his ex girlfriend Alex.The images used are totally different, the broadsheet has an image of one of Georges fans putting flowers, however on the tabloid paper there is a woman round the famous footballer and at the top saying Exclusive and then you have several mini subheadings at the bottom saying Smuggled In For Final Goodbye and so forth this is a hook and entices people to read all about Georges secret life. : It is like the tabloid is rousing something up.Both papers are connoting different things, for instance, the broadsheet attempts to make readers feel sorry for him by talking about what he went through within the hospitals etc, whereas the tabloid paper does not do this. They have focused more on publicizing his secret life. The layout chosen for the broadsheet is tedious. You have got a large image of hundred flowers, special notes, goodbye messages and a boy putting his own bunch of flowers down. There are small columns of information talking about the treatments he had, when and how he died, the minute silence to mark his death and so on.There are medium size headings, also the camera shot has blurred the back of the picture and zoomed into one of Bests fans and flowers; on top of this you got a label which connotes united in grief for a legend. The layout is I feel is boring and cramped, closed, squashed and so forth but on the other paper you have open spaces. This has an effect on the reader, really the broadsheet has the news value but tabloid contains too much gossip. Both sheets has a certain style of layout, language etc. For the tabloid, you have a zoomed image of the footballer and his ex who is holding his neck and the background is blurred in the picture.On the bottom of the paper are mini subheadings revealing other aspects of the footballers life as it wishes to encourage people to purchase and read all about his secret life. Both of the layouts and image angle shots are different, this connotes that both papers are aiming at ideal readers, in terms of their age. The title is of a large font enabling people to read it from a certain distance. Both newspapers have its own style of language just like the layout, images and the differences in how the famous footballer is represented.The language used in the tabloid connotes it is informal because you have words like, pals secret and so on, but on the broadsheet their words like est imate expert and so forth. This proves both newspapers are aiming at different people, again in terms of their ages. George Best is being presented in two types, one is like good news and the other is filled with gossip. He has been portrayed in two ways good and bad. They both emphasize on the fact that e was a football legend. In the tabloid newspaper there is not much news value, it is full of gossip and his secret life.The paper wishes readers to read about his secret life rather than focusing on the fact that he has gone from this world. The reasons as to why he is being represented in this particular way is due to the target audience. Tabloid newspapers are mostly read by working class people. Also the newspaper aims to inform its readers everything abut his life be it shocking news, like the mini subheading in the front paper Agony over his secret daughter. The broadsheet gives the facts. It as news values and concentrates on his medial experiences rather than his secret life .It wishes to inform fans what he had to endure with hospitals and how he was still being treated free of charge. It explains about what his fans did for him and how much he will be missed and the image is there to show just how much fans appreciated him. The reason as to why it is different to the tabloid paper is that broadsheets are mostly targeted for middle class people and it does not want to contain information which isnt entirely accurate. In the tabloid paper you can find all the gossip of his life but when you look it has less news value than the broadsheet.

Discuss, in detail, the connection of power to political science Essay

Discuss, in detail, the connection of power to political science - Essay Example For instance, a leader over a small number of people is named a master, the director of a home; over a quite greater number, a king or a statesman, as there is the presence of a variance amid a boundless household and a minor nation. Aristotle states that it is not right for a government to have variance in politics and power. In power and politics, there exists six types of constitutions they are divided into here are unjust and three that are just. A constitution can be defined as just in cases where is has advantages to the each and every citizen, on the other hand, a constitution can be referred to as unjust in cases whereby it is of help to the individuals in power only. When leadership is via a single person, this is a monarchy constitution, the ruler has to be good and incases of a bad leader it is referred to as tyranny. In cases where minor elite is the ruler, this constitution is referred to aristocracy when the rulers are respectable and an oligarchy if the rulers are wicked and corrupt. In situation of a government whereby the masses rule, the constitution is termed as a polity if the leadership is good and a democracy if the leadership is bad. Aristotle recognizes that providing full dominion to either the leading body or the regulations might create room for misuses of power and advocates th at a polity is most likely least vulnerable to corruption, particularly in situations where by the laws are assumed higher power than the leading body. He suggests a norm of distributive justice, stating that advantages ought to be discussed upon diverse citizens in a different way, depending on the involvement they make to the happiness of the public. Platos Republic focuses on a modest question â€Å"is it always better to be just than unjust?† Plato defines justice as a virtue of a nation that would aid outline justice as a feature of typical

Hospitality Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Learning - Essay Example From the early days, medieval monasteries in Europe intellectually offered hospitality to travelers, especially pilgrims. The early inns in Europe were profit-making ventures that offered public rooms where merchants would sit to discuss their businesses. Apparently, the hospitality industry has followed travelers’ paths. In about year 1200, there arose inn-keeping that saw English restaurants considered as the finest globally during the industrial revolution. With the birth of the first class Termand house hotel in Boston in 1829, providing guestroom, lockable door and free soap, the modern hotel industry emerged. By the 1950s, new concepts such as floatels, boatels and motels had been introduced. By 1960, a majority of hotel owners merged with large chains such as Hilton and franchising their hotels, making them larger. This marked the birth of the modern hotel industry across the world (Talwar, 22). At this point, it would be important to note the role that Hotel Management course plays in opening up one’s mind to appreciate that hospitality encompasses more than just hotels. Hospitality has been categorized into four segments: transportation, commercial recreation, food service and lodging. Therefore, whereas travelers could use hotels for dining and accommodation, restaurants would provide meals only. Vacation ownership is another plan in the hospitality industry where customers buy a property, normally a residence at a resort and acquire the right of use for the lease period. Resorts are places meant for vacation, daytime getaway or relaxation and could offer live entertainment, cosmetic treatment, meals and massages. Another increasingly attractive field has been the cruise ship where passenger ships with amenities to serve leisure purposes are employed in leisure voyages with the various destinations along the way also being attractive. Whatever the choice of hospitality, Hotel Management emphasizes on the importance of

Intellectual Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intellectual Disability - Essay Example One of these is Picture Exchange Communication System or P.E.C.S. This method uses discrete trail training to teach children using visual cues. There are a lot of visual cues available but there is also a Compic-programme computer that one can use in order to teach a student with autism. P.E.C.S teaches to exchange a visual cue on things that the student wants to tell, or when asking for something, or even make comments. He is being reinforced back with snacks or a praise when communication is done and effective. (Marsden, 2002) For example, a student who wants to play with a teddy bear may hand his compic of a teddy bear and teacher will give him a teddy bear to play with. One important advantage of teaching P.E.C.S is that autistic children, when well reinforced, develop less behavior problems. They are happier, less frustrated and more satisfied since their needs are met and their sense of independence is more practiced using this kind of method. This method can easily be administ ered, not only by teachers, but moreso, of parents with autistic children. Parents need to manifest efforts as their teacher s are doing so the teaching methods are not limited to the walls of the school. The ability to initiate and maintain social interaction determines ability to enhance relationships between parents or caregivers and children with autism. As shown in a study made by Stephenson and Dowrick (2005), responsitivity of parents to the behavior of children is recognized as a critical element in parent-child interaction and contributes not only to communicative development, but moreso on affective and mental development. It is highly important that parents and caregivers are educated on the teaching method of their child. Knowing the communicative content and appropriate usage of the context will greatly improve their communication with their child. A survey was made comparing between parents who can identify the signs, gestures, and body movements of their children but are not able to report sufficient detail on the context of the movements and its communicative content. and parents who have aside from identifying the body signs, gestures and body movements, know the context and communicative content of these movements. Results showed that parents who can identify the context of gestures and body movements are more educative of the communication method used on their child and tend to maintain an in-depth communicative relationship with their child. The behavior of the child is more satisfying because they are aware when to use certain gestures and at what context to use for. While picture-object relations is difficult for children with autism, another research was done to identify which effective teaching method is viable for children with language and communication disability and autism. Two methods namely the error prevention procedure and error correction procedure were both tested. Results showed that error prevention based teaching gives fewer errors than error correction method. A notable feature of these studies is that learning such relations often presents a major difficulty for children with language and developmental disabilities and autism. If learning is successful, usually this is achieved only through repeated teaching of the relation over many sessions;